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References - Abstracts of 50 Published Papers
(Articles 52 - 61 of 61)
Comments:
These are only 10 scientific articles on the high effectiveness of seafood - and/or the Omega-3 and related fatty acids in seafood - against rheumatoid arthritis. And I am confident that at least 100 more articles can be found with a bit more time and patience. Since this information has been known, as these articles show, for as long as 13 years, it is now necessary to ask why is this not wide-spread knowledge, and why every instance of rheumatoid arthritis is not cured and prevented as a matter of course.
All of the following references have been obtained from
| PubMedline |
the public archives of the National Library of Medicine
[52] Arthritis Rheum 1994 Jun;37(6):824-9
Long-term effect of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in active rheumatoid arthritis. A 12-month, double-blind, controlled study.
Geusens P, Wouters C, Nijs J, Jiang Y, Dequeker J.
Arthritis and Metabolic Bone Disease Research Unit, K. U. Leuven, U. Z. Pellenberg, Belgium.
OBJECTIVE. To study the long-term effects of supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids (omega 3) in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. METHODS. Ninety patients were enrolled in a 12-month, double-blind, randomized study comparing daily supplementations with either 2.6 gm of omega 3, or 1.3 gm of omega 3 + 3 gm of olive oil, or 6 gm of olive oil. RESULTS. Significant improvement in the patient's global evaluation and in the physician's assessment of pain was observed only in those taking 2.6 gm/day of omega 3. The proportions of patients who improved and of those who were able to reduce their concomitant antirheumatic medications were significantly greater with 2.6 gm/day of omega 3. CONCLUSION. Daily supplementation with 2.6 gm of omega 3 results in significant clinical benefit and may reduce the need for concomitant antirheumatic medication.
[ PMID: 8003055 PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE ]
[53] Am J Clin Nutr 2000 Jan;71(1 Suppl):349S-51S
N-3 Fatty Acid Supplements in Rheumatoid Arthritis.
Kremer JM.
Division of Rheumatology, Albany Medical College, New York 12208, USA.
Ingestion of dietary supplements of n-3 fatty acids has been consistently shown to reduce both the number of tender joints on physical examination and the amount of morning stiffness in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. In these cases, supplements were consumed daily in addition to background medications and the clinical benefits of the n-3 fatty acids were not apparent until they were consumed for > or =12 wk. It appears that a minimum daily dose of 3 g eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids is necessary to derive the expected benefits. These doses of n-3 fatty acids are associated with significant reductions in the release of leukotriene B(4) from stimulated neutrophils and of interleukin 1 from monocytes. Both of these mediators of inflammation are thought to contribute to the inflammatory events that occur in the rheumatoid arthritis disease process. Several investigators have reported that rheumatoid arthritis patients consuming n-3 dietary supplements were able to lower or discontinue their background doses of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs or disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs. Because the methods used to determine whether patients taking n-3 supplements can discontinue taking these agents are variable, confirmatory and definitive studies are needed to settle this issue. n-3 Fatty acids have virtually no reported serious toxicity in the dose range used in rheumatoid arthritis and are generally very well tolerated.
[ PMID: 10617995 PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE ]
[54] Am J Clin Nutr 2000 Jul;72(1):42-8
Biochemical effects of a diet containing foods enriched with n-3 fatty acids.
Mantzioris E, Cleland LG, Gibson RA, Neumann MA, Demasi M, James MJ.
Rheumatology Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia.
BACKGROUND: Results of many studies indicate that consumption of n-3 fatty acids can benefit persons with cardiovascular disease and rheumatoid arthritis. However, encapsulated fish oil is unlikely to be suited to lifetime daily use and recommendations to increase fish intake have not been effective. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to examine the effectiveness of a diet that incorporates foods rich in n-3 fatty acids in elevating tissue concentrations of eicosapentaenoic acid and in suppressing the production of inflammatory mediators. DESIGN: Healthy male volunteers were provided with foods that were enriched in alpha-linolenic acid (cooking oil, margarine, salad dressing, and mayonnaise) and eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids (sausages and savory dip) and with foods naturally rich in n-3 fatty acids, such as flaxseed meal and fish. Subjects incorporated these products into their food at home for 4 wk. Fatty acid intakes, cellular and plasma fatty acid concentrations, and monocyte-derived eicosanoid and cytokine production were measured. RESULTS: Analyses of dietary records indicated that intake of eicosapentaenoic acid plus docosahexaenoic acid averaged 1.8 g/d and intake of alpha-linolenic acid averaged 9. 0 g/d. These intakes led to an average 3-fold increase in eicosapentaenoic acid in plasma, platelet, and mononuclear cell phospholipids. Thromboxane B(2), prostaglandin E(2), and interleukin 1beta synthesis decreased by 36%, 26%, and 20% (P 0.05), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Foods that are strategically or naturally enriched in n-3 fatty acids can be used to achieve desired biochemical effects without the ingestion of supplements or a change in dietary habits. A wide range of n-3-enriched foods could be developed to support large-scale programs on the basis of the therapeutic and disease-preventive effects of n-3 fatty acids.
[ PMID: 10871559 PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE ]
[55] Ugeskr Laeger 1998 May 18;160(21):3074-8 - Article in Danish
Nutritional status of Danish patients with rheumatoid arthritis and effects of a diet adjusted in energy intake, fish content and antioxidants.
Hansen G, Nielsen L, Kluger E, Thysen MH, Emmertsen H, Stengard-Pedersen K, Lund EC, Unger B, Andersen PW.
Reumatologisk afdeling, Kong Christian X's Gigthospital, Grasten.
This study deals with the nutritional status of Danish rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients and addresses the question whether or not RA can be directly influenced by dietary manipulation. In a prospective, single-blinded study of six months' duration, 109 patients with active RA were randomly assigned to treatment with or without a specialized diet. The energy consumption was adjusted to normal standards for body-weight and the intake of fish and antioxidants was increased. A daily food diary was completed by the patients, and the total intake of 47 different food-elements was calculated. Nutritional status together with disease activity parameters were recorded. At baseline, the Danish RA-patients had neglected food habits with a significant reduction in intake of total energy, of D-vitamin and of E-vitamin. A very low intake of n-3 fatty acids was also found. During the study, 28 of the 109 patients dropped out, introducing a confounding effect on the overall result. In the remaining 81, those following the diet demonstrated a significant improvement in the duration of morning stiffness, the number of swollen joints, the pain status and reduced the cost of medicine, while doctors' global assessment, laboratory data, X-ray and the daily activities were unaltered. In conclusion, dietary analysis and appropriate, corrective advice should be offered to Danish RA patients.
[ PMID: 9621781 PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE ]
[56] Clin Exp Rheumatol 1991 Jul-Aug;9(4):403-6
Diet and fatty acids: can fish substitute for fish oil?
Fahrer H, Hoeflin F, Lauterburg BH, Peheim E, Levy A, Vischer TL.
Department of Rheumatology, University of Bern, Switzerland.
As fish oil has been shown to be beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis and in psoriasis, we examined whether a diet rich in fish has a similar effect on membrane and plasma lipids as a dietary fish oil supplement. Volunteers recruited by 2 rheumatology units in Switzerland formed three parallel groups eating respective diets during 2 months: a normal diet without fish; a normal diet including 700 g fish per week; a normal diet without fish but with additional fish oil (7.5 g daily). As outcome measures we determined the lipid composition of platelet-rich plasma, the serum cholesterol and triglycerides before the study and after 1 and 2 months of the designated diet. The relative amounts of both eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid increased significantly in the fish oil group and in the group with the fish diet; no change was seen in the control group. The effect on triglycerides, which were low at the beginning of the study, was minor and no change in cholesterol was seen. In conclusion, 4 to 6 meals with fish per week without any other dietary changes can induce similar changes in lipids as a supplement of fish oil.
[ PMID: 1934691 PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE ]
[57] JAMA 1988 Aug 5;260(5):665-70 - Comment in: JAMA. 1989 Feb 3;261(5):698-9
Clinical applications of fish oils.
Yetiv JZ.
Department of Emergency Medicine, Sequoia Hospital, Redwood City, Calif.
Fish oil supplements are currently being nationally advertised, and many physicians are being queried about their clinical utility. Epidemiologic studies reveal a low incidence of cardiovascular disease in people, such as the Eskimos, who eat large amounts of seafood. Cardiovascular health may be improved because fish and fish oil supplements lower plasma lipid levels (especially triglycerides), inhibit platelet aggregation, and may decrease blood pressure and viscosity and increase high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels. Preliminary observations also suggest a potential future role for fish oils in the treatment of some autoimmune diseases, such as atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, and *rheumatoid arthritis*. Patients with serum triglyceride levels greater than 5.64 mmol/L and/or cholesterol levels greater than 7.75 mmol/L refractory to dietary management may benefit from a medically supervised trial of fish oil supplements. Data currently available are insufficient to recommend fish oil supplements for the general public, or for patients with other diseases, and side effects must also be considered. These include occasional adverse lipid changes, potential for bleeding and vitamin E deficiency, and, with some preparations, vitamin A and D toxicity.
[ PMID: 3292794 PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
[58] Ugeskr Laeger 1994 Jun 6;156(23):3490-5 - Article in Danish
Fish oils and rheumatoid arthritis. (An overview of ten double blind studies)
Ernst E, Nielsen GL, Schmidt EB.
Klinisk kemisk afdeling, reumatologisk afdeling og medicinsk-haematologisk afdeling, Aalborg Sygehus.
Dietary supplementation with polyunsaturated fatty acids--n-3 PUFA or fish oils--has gained increasing interest among patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis. The biochemical background for the beneficial effects of fish oils in modulating the inflammatory response is briefly described and is partly based on findings from experimental animal models. Ten published double-blind studies evaluating the effect of a daily supplement with three to six grams of n-3 PUFA to patients with active rheumatoid arthritis are reviewed. The studies support a modest effect of fish oil on patient-reported disease parameters without serious side effects. Future research should evaluate effect, tolerance and side effects in long term studies with different daily intakes of n-3 PUFA and should also focus on the effect of n-3 PUFA in combination with standard therapy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
[ PMID: 8066865 PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE ]
[59] Clin Rheumatol 1992 Sep;11(3):393-5
Decreased interleukin-1 beta levels in plasma from rheumatoid arthritis patients after dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids.
Espersen GT, Grunnet N, Lervang HH, Nielsen GL, Thomsen BS, Faarvang KL, Dyerberg J, Ernst E.
Department of Clinical Immunology, Aalborg Hospital, Denmark.
The effects of dietary supplementation with n-3 fatty acids on the level of cytokines and complement activation in plasma from patients with rheumatoid arthritis were examined. Thirty-two patients with active rheumatoid arthritis were included in a 12-week double-blind, randomized study of dietary supplementation with n-3 fatty acids (3.6 g per day) or placebo. The cytokines were measured in plasma before and after treatment with fish oil or placebo. In general, cytokine values at the upper limits of the calculated normal areas were found. The Interleukin-1 beta concentration in plasma was reduced significantly after 12 weeks of dietary supplementation with fish oil (p more than 0.03). No significant difference was observed in the placebo group. The tumour necrosis factor alpha activity in plasma did not change significantly (p = 0.167). No significant changes were observed in the degree of complement activation. The clinical status of the patients was improved in the fish oil group, but not in the placebo group, judged by Ritchie's articular index (p more than 0.02). We conclude that dietary supplementation with n-3 fatty acids results in significantly reduced plasma IL-1 beta levels in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Even though the cytokine levels were low, the anti-inflammatory effect of n-3 fatty acids could in part be explained by their ability to decrease cytokine production.
[ PMID: 1458789 PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE ]
[60] Semin Arthritis Rheum 1997 Oct;27(2):85-97
Dietary n-3 fatty acids and therapy for rheumatoid arthritis.
James MJ, Cleland LG.
Rheumatology Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Australia.
OBJECTIVE: To examine the potential for dietary n-3 fats to be component of therapy for rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS: Studies of encapsulated fish oil use in RA were reviewed and critiqued, and possible biochemical mechanisms for fish oil effects were examined. The potential for use of n-3 fats was evaluated within a dietary framework rather than a quasi-pharmaceutical framework. RESULTS: There is consistent evidence from double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials that dietary n-3 fats, supplied as fish oil, can have beneficial effects in RA. The beneficial effects appear modest, but their size and extent may have been moderated by common trial design factors such as high n-6 polyunsaturated fat diets and concurrent antiinflammatory drug use. Mechanisms for the clinical effects of n-3 fats in RA may involve their ability to suppress production of inflammatory mediators, including n-6 eicosanoids and proinflammatory cytokines. Suppression of n-6 eicosanoid and cytokine production will be possible using foodstuffs that are rich in n-3 fats and poor in n-6 fats. CONCLUSIONS: There are many overlapping biochemical effects of n-3 fatty acids and antiinflammatory pharmaceuticals that could explain the clinical actions of n-3 fats in RA. They suggest that there is the potential for complementarity between drug therapy and dietary choices that increase intake of n-3 fats and decrease intake of n-6 fats. In particular, there is the potential for drug-sparing effects. Future studies with n-3 fats in RA need to address the fat composition of the background diet and the issue of concurrent drug use.
[ PMID: 9355207 PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE ]
[61] J Rheumatol 2000 Oct;27(10):2343-6 - Comment in: J Rheumatol. 2000 Oct;27(10):2305-7. UI: 20488292
Efficacy of fish oil concentrate in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.
Volker D, Fitzgerald P, Major G, Garg M.
Discipline of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, and the Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy of fish oil derived (n-3) fatty acid supplementation (3-6 capsules/day) in subjects with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) whose (n-6) fatty acid intake in the background diet was more than 10 g/day, compared to olive/corn oil capsule supplement over a 15 week period. METHODS: A placebo controlled, double blind, randomized 15 week study to determine the effect of supplementation on clinical variables in 50 subjects with RA whose background diet was naturally low in (n-6) fatty acids. Fish oil containing 60% (n-3) fatty acids was supplemented at a rate of 40 mg/kg body weight. RESULTS: Analysis of 9 clinical variables indicated there was a significant difference (p more than 0.02) between control and treatment groups. Five subjects in the treatment group and 3 in the control group met the American College of Rheumatology 20% improvement criteria. Dietary supplementation resulted in a significant increase in eicosapentaenoic acid in plasma and monocyte lipids in the supplemented group. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that fish oil supplementation that delivers (n-3) fatty acids at a dose of 40 mg/kg body weight/day, with dietary (n-6) fatty acid intake more than 10 g/day in the background diet, results in substantial cellular incorporation of (n-3) fatty acids and improvements in clinical status in patients with RA.
[ PMID: 11036827 PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE ]
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