References - Abstracts of 50 Published Papers
(Articles 21 - 30 of 50)
Comments:
As far as I can tell, no one in the biomedical community is aware of the fact that the trace element baseline - the natural, or normal trace element content of living organism - is all screwed up. The biomedical sciences simply do not have a clean natural base - mother nature's baseline, so to speak - from which to begin. And it's screwed up two-fold.
The first problem is the fact that industrial and chemo-agricultural pollution has now become so widespread in the world that a clean natural baseline does not exist anymore. The arctic, for instance - even though as far away from industrial and chemo-agricultural pollution as is possible on this planet - has become so polluted that many of its living organisms are now unfit for human consumption.
The second problem is the fact that all laboratory animals used for trials are fed man-made food - food which has been generated by our severely trace element-deficient agriculture. This problem has existed for many decades now. The trace element content of laboratory animals has been abnormal for many decades, and hence, for dozens and hundreds of their generations.
In my view, the most urgent task in the biomedical field is the establishing of a normal baseline of the natural trace element content of living organisms. And this is far from easy these days. Today, it appears that only the pre-industrial, pre-chemical-agriculture remains of animals and vegetation offer a clean baseline of natural or normal trace element content. And the sampled areas should be large enough to eliminate local and regional variations.
Since too much of the trace elements is as deadly as too little - arsenic and mercury are prime examples - this task is of utmost urgency.
All of the following references have been obtained from
| PubMedline |
the public archives of the National Library of Medicine
[21] J AOAC Int - 1994 Nov;77(6):1605-1627
Development of a new series of agricultural/food reference materials for analytical
quality control of elemental determinations.
Ihnat M
Agriculture Canada, Centre for Land and Biological Resources Research, Ottawa, ON.
Ten new Agricultural/Food Reference Materials--Bovine Muscle Powder (National Institute of Standards and Technology [NIST], code NIST RM 8414), Whole Egg Powder (NIST RM 8415), Microcrystalline Cellulose (NIST RM 8416), Wheat Gluten (NIST RM 8418), Corn Starch
(NIST RM 8432), Corn Bran (NIST RM 8433), Whole Milk Powder (NIST RM 8435), Durum Wheat
Flour (NIST RM 8436), Hard Red Spring Wheat Flour (NIST RM 8437) and Soft Winter Wheat
Flour (NIST RM 8438)--were prepared by application of milling, irradiation, sieving,
blending, and packaging procedures. Excellent material homogeneity was found for virtually all major, minor, and trace elements of interest. The reference materials were characterized with respect to elemental composition via an extensive international, interlaboratory characterization (certification) campaign. Chemical analyses conducted in 73 cooperating laboratories applying 13 major classes of independently different analytical methods led to 278 concentration values for 34 nutritionally, toxicologically, and environmentally pertinent elements. A total of 213 best-estimate and 65 informational concentration values are available for Al, As, B, Ba, Br, Ca, Cd, Cl, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, F, Fe, Hg, I, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, N, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Rb, S, Sb, Se, Sr, Ti, V, W, and Zn. These products make a substantial contribution to the existing world repertoire of biological reference materials with respect to natural matrix and elemental composition. They are expected to be useful to analysts for quality control of analytical data. Applications include evaluations of analytical methods and instruments used in nutritional, toxicological, monitory, regulatory, environmental, agricultural, and other investigations. These products are available to the analytical community from the Standard Reference Materials Program, NIST, Gaithersburg, MD.
[22] Sci Total Environ - 1990 Jun;95:89-105
Trace element reference values in tissues from inhabitants of the European community.
I. A study of 46 elements in urine, blood and serum of Italian subjects.
Minoia C, Sabbioni E, Apostoli P, Pietra R, Pozzoli L, Gallorini M, Nicolaou G,
Alessio L, Capodaglio E
Industrial Hygiene Laboratory, Fondazione Clinica Lavoro, Pavia, Italy.
Neutron activation analysis-electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy (ETA-AAS) and
inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) have been used for the determination of 46 elements in urine, 35 in blood and 26 in serum of unexposed Italian
subjects living in the same region (Lombardy). The results allowed the proposal of reference values for various elements determined in more than 350 healthy subjects, these being Ag, Al, As, Be, Bi, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Tl, V, Zn, in urine; Ag, As, Bi, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Hg, Pb, Se, Tl, Zn in blood; and Ag, Al, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, Tl, V, Zn in serum (or plasma). For all other elements indicative values are suggested. In addition to the mean value and the "reference range", a "range of uncertainty" and an upper limit above which metabolic abnormalities could be expected have also been defined on the basis of simple statistical considerations.
[23] Biol Trace Elem Res - 1998 Feb;61(2):151-168
Study of the age and sex dependence of trace elements in hair by correspondence analysis.
Zakrgynska-Fontaine V, Dore JC, Ojasoo T, Poirier-Duchene F, Viel C
Faculty of Pharmacy, Tours University, France.
The aim of the study was to examine the potential of multidimensional analysis, and in
particular of correspondence analysis (CA), in bringing to light the influence of sex and age on trace element (TE) concentrations in hair from an unselected French population.
Sixteen elements (S, Hg, Se, Zn, Pb, Cd, Ni, Co, Mn, Fe, Cr, Mg, Al, Ca, Cu, Ag) were
assayed by inductively coupled argon plasma (ICAP) emission spectroscopy in the scalp
hair of 135 men and 346 women. In spite of the high background noise, CA was able to
reveal the differing patterns in males and females. For instance, in this population,
higher relative levels of the essential elements, Ca, Mg, Zn, and Cu, but also of Ag,
characterized women's hair, whereas higher relative levels of the heavy metals, Fe and
Pb, were associated with men's hair. Al and Ag were unexplainedly high in the hair of the youngest members of the population. The Cu and Co of youth seemed to give way to a
predominance of Zn in maturity. The hair of individuals in their forties tended to be
richest in Ca and Mg, but these elements decreased with advancing age. Heavy metals
(Hg, Pb, Fe) accumulated with age, whereas Se, Mn, and Cr seemed independent of age.
CA is manifestly a very useful tool for revealing underlying dimensions in complex
dynamic systems and unsuspected relationships among variables. Clearly, the significance of the high Al and Ag contents in the hair of certain members of the population, especially of the very young, needs to be investigated from both physiological and toxicological aspects.
[24] Sci Total Environ - 1996 Nov 29;192(1):119-122
Assessment of trace elements in honey produced on uranium mining reclaimed land.
Iskander FY
Nuclear Engineering Teaching Laboratory, University of Texas at Austin 78712, USA.
The concentration of 24 elements in honey produced on uranium mining reclaimed land in Hobson, Texas was investigated by instrumental neutron activation analysis. These elements were: As, Ba, Br, Ce, Co, Cr, Cs, Fe, Hf, Hg, K, La, Na, Ni, Rb, Sb, Sc, Se, Sm, Sr, Th, U, Zn and Zr. The results obtained were compared to the concentration of the same elements in commercial honey and to the literature values for honey from different countries.
[25] J Trace Elem Electrolytes - Health Dis 1992 Sep;6(3):169-174
Behaviour of 12 trace elements in serum of uremic patients on hemodiafiltration.
Van Renterghem D, Cornelis R, Vanholder R
Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry, Rijksuniversiteit Gent, Belgium.
The concentrations of the trace elements As, Au, Cd, Cs, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mo, Rb, Se and Zn
were studied in the serum of 5 patients with end-stage renal failure who were undergoing treatment with hemodiafiltration. The concentrations of the following elements differ
significantly from the reference values: As, Cd, Cu, Hg and Mo are higher, while Rb, Se, Zn and some of the Cs values are lower. The observed concentration deviations may be due to the uremic state and/or the dialysis process. To asses the contribution of the latter, the elements were determined in the substitution fluid and in the dialysate before and
after blood contact and passage through the artificial kidney. Our findings suggest that the concentration abnormalities could be related to the substitution fluid for Cs, Rb, Se and Zn and to the dialysate for Mo and Rb.
[26] Am J Vet Res - 1988 Jun;49(6):960-964
Multielement assay of perinatal lamb livers by inductively coupled argon plasma emission spectroscopy.
van Selm G, Rook JS, Slanker M, Bartlett PC, Braselton WE
Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine,
Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824.
During the 1986 lambing season, 33 Michigan sheep producers submitted all lambs that had died before weaning to the Michigan State University Diagnostic Laboratory for necropsy. Inductively coupled argon plasma emission spectroscopy was used to measure 22 elements in the liver of 888 of the lambs submitted. Mean concentrations of each element were established and compared with literature values of established deficient, normal, and toxic concentrations. Mean values in milligrams per kilogram of wet weight were as follows: Al, 3.843; As, less than 1; Ba, 0.176; Ca, 128.2; Cr, 0.778; Cu, 56.82; Fe, 491.6; Hg, less than 2; K, 2,150; Mg, 138.4; Mn, 2.776; Mo, 0.489; Na, 1,384; P, 2,583; Pb, 1,453; Sb, less than 1; Tl, less than 5; Zn, 68.31. In only 11 lambs did the liver contain As, B, Cd, Co, Hg, Sb, Se, or Tl in detectable concentrations.
[27] Ann Ist Super Sanita - 1989;25(3):385-392
Reference values for elements of toxicological, clinical and environmental interest in hair of urban subjects.
Senofonte O, Violante N, Fornarelli L, Beccaloni E, Powar A, Caroli S
A monitoring campaign has been undertaken to ascertain the reference concentration ranges for a number of minor and trace elements in hair of healthy urban subjects under age 15. An outline of criteria and methods lying at the root of a sound and reliable experimental approach are presented with special regard to such crucial steps as study planning, sampling, storing, pretreatment, analysis and evaluation of results. Determinations were carried out mainly by inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) given the wide investigative potential and inherently multielemental character of this technique. The results obtained so far regard 100 youngsters allowing reference intervals for Al, As, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ni, P, Pb, Se, Ti, V and Zn to be established for the population group tested. Finally, further developments of this activity are highlighted, particularly emphasizing the diagnostic capabilities of hair analysis.
[28] Z Gesamte Inn Med - 1986 Feb 15;41(4):105-111
Role of trace elements in the dynamics of arteriosclerosis. [Article in German]
Anke M
According to the present state of knowledge 7 quantitative elements and possibly 18 trace elements are of vital importance for the animal. Their metabolism is antagonistically or synergistically influenced by the inorganic and organic constituents of the food of different kind. More than 30 elements (Cu, Zn, Mg, Mn, Cr, V and so on) shall be connected with the process of arteriosclerosis. Cu-deficiency as well as Cu-abundance may increase the cholesterol content of the blood serum. Under conditions of Cu-deficiency the formation of the crosslinks of the elastin of the blood vessels is disturbed. Under conditions of Zn-deficiency the serum cholesterol content is as a rule, but not exceptionally decreased in the animal. Similarly unclear is the influence of high administrations of Zn on the process of arteriosclerosis. An Mg-deficit may lead to a whole chain of changes (disturbances of the cardiac rhythm, necrotic changes, atheromatous plaques, high values of total cholesterol, low values of HDL-cholesterol). Via the glucose tolerance factor a Cr-deficit possibly takes influence on the arteriosclerotic process. Hardness of the water, Mn, Pb, Ni, Mn shall also become effective. The Cu-Zn-relation as factor evoking arteriosclerosis further needs analysis. The investigations concerning arteriosclerosis in the animal experiment should in future be performed by means of semisynthetic rations, in order to render the results of the experiments comparable and to be able to control the large number of evoking factors.
[29] Am J Vet Res - 1986 Apr;47(4):822-827
Multielement assays of canine serum, liver, and kidney by inductively coupled argon plasma emission spectroscopy.
Stowe HD, Braselton WE, Slanker M, Kaneene JB
Inductively coupled argon plasma emission spectroscopy was used to measure Al, As, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mg, Mn, Hg, Mo, P, K, Se, Na, Tl, and Zn in canine specimens (70 serum, 270 liver, and 200 kidney). Mean concentrations of each of these elements in detectable amounts in these samples were established, and histograms of the concentration distributions of elements in the samples were developed.
[30] Chung Kuo Chi Sheng Chung Hsueh Yu Chi Sheng Chung Ping Tsa Chih - 1994;12(1):27-30
Studies on the components of trace elements and macro elements in hemolymph of
Anopheles anthropophagus [Article in Chinese]
Chen PH, Bian YH, Li FW, Zeng ZH, Tian Q
Department of parasitology, Capital Institute of Medicine, Beijing.
The elements in hemolymph of An. anthropophagus were determined by ICAP. There were 18 kinds of trace elements such as Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Cr, Mo, Co, Ni, V, Sr, B, Al, Ba, Zr, Cd, Pb, Ga, Li and 6 kinds of macro elements such as Ca, Mg, K, Na, S, P in the hemolymph of the mosquito. The contents of the macro elements and Fe in hemolymph of newly emerged mosquitoes were significantly higher than those of mosquitoes after taking blood meal, whereas Zn and Al were lower. Comparing elements in hemolymph of An. anthropophagus and An. sinensis, there were 14 kinds of elements in newly emerged mosquitoes with striking significant difference, while there were 13 kinds of elements with striking significant difference in the mosquitoes after taking blood meal. Comparing elements in the hemolymph of An. anthropophagus and Ae. albopictus, there were 13 kinds of elements with striking significant difference in the hemolymph of newly emerged mosquitoes and the mosquitoes after taking blood meal. The results suggested that the components of elements in hemolymph were relevant to the nutritional metabolism and development of mosquitoes, and that mosquitoes of different species and with different sensibilities to malaria parasites also showed difference in the contents of elements in their hemolymph.
Legend
Ac - Actinium; Ag - Silver; Al - Aluminium; Am - Americum; Ar - Argon; As - Arsenic;
At - Astatine; Au - Gold; B - Boron; Ba - Barium; Be - Beryllium; Bi - Bismuth;
Bk - Berkelium; Br - Bromine; Ca - Calcium; Cd - Cadmium; Ce - Cerium; Cf - Californium; Cl - Chlorine; Cm - Curium; Co - Cobalt; Cr - Chromium; Cs - Caesium; Cu - Copper;
Dy - Dysprosium; Er - Erbium; Eu - Europium; F - Fluorine; Fe - Iron; Fr - Francium;
Ga - Gallium; Gd - Gadolinium; Ge - Germanium; Hf - Hafnium; Hg - Mercury; Ho - Holmium; I - Iodine; In - Indium; Ir - Iridium; K - Potassium; Kr - Krypton; La - Lathanum;
Li - Lithium; Lu - Lutetium; Mg - Magnesium; Mn - Manganese; Mo - Molybdenum;
N - Nitrogen; Na - Sodium; Nb - Niobium; Nd - Neodymium; Ni - Nickle; Np - Neptunium;
Os - Osmium; P - Phosphorus; Pa - Protactinium; Pb - Lead; Pd - Palladium;
Pm - Promethium; Po - Polonium; Pr - Praseodymium; Pt - Platinium; Pu - Plutonium;
Ra - Radium; Rb - Rubidium; Re - Rhenium; Rh - Rhodium; Rn - Radon; Ru - Ruthenium;
S - Sulfur; Sb - Antimony; Sc - Scandium; Se - Selenium; Si - Silicon; Sm - Samarium; Sn - Tin; Sr - Strontium; Ta - Tantalum; Tb - Terbium; Te - Tellurium; Th - Thorium; Ti - Titanium; Tl - Thallium; Tm - Thulium; V - Vanadium; W - Tungsten; Y - Yttrium; Yb - Ytterbium; Zn - Zinc; Zr - Zirconium.
Abstracts
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