References - Abstracts of 50 Published Papers
(Articles 11 - 20 of 50)
Comments:
Besides the very recent, and now well established recognition that we also need micro-miniscule trace of aluminium, arsenic and lead for our health and well being - which came as a bit of a surprise even to this writer - all of the biomedical evidence shows that we also need the following 'new' trace elements for our health and well being:
Silver [Ag]; gold (Au); barium [Ba]; beryllium [Be]; bismuth [Bi]; bromine [Br]; cadmium [Cd]; ceasium [Cs]; mercury [Hg]; rubidium [Rb]; antimony [Sb]; scandium [Sc]; strontium [Sr]; thorium [Th]; titanium [Ti]; thallium [Tl] and tungsten [W]; as well as the lanthanide [rare earth metals] elements; cerium [Ce]; dysprosium [Dy]; erbium [Er]; europium [Eu]; gadolinium [Gd]; holmium [Ho]; lanthanum [La]; lutetium [Lu]; neodymium [Nd]; praseodymium [Pr]; samarium [Sm]; terbium [Tb]; thulium [Tm] and ytterbium [Yb].
However much encouraging these discoveries are, this still leaves around 20 trace elements to be 'discovered'.
Article #20 [dated July 1998 {???}] is included here only as an example that some researchers are still firmly stuck in the old dogma of the 8 'old' and long known trace elements. Also apparent is a general confusion among researchers about what are the major elements (also called nutrients), the minor elements, the trace elements, and the 'ultra' or micro trace elements.
But most troubling is the appearance that the biomedical researchers seem to be completely unaware of the fact that our present agriculture still maintains only the 8 'old' and long known trace elements in its soils, and hence, in almost all of our daily food.
All of the following references have been obtained from
| PubMedline |
the public archives of the National Library of Medicine
[11] Nutr Clin Pract - 1993 Dec;8(6):251-263
Trace elements in clinical nutrition.
Baumgartner TG
Although the nearly 20 essential trace elements in humans constitute a small fraction of total body weight (less than 4%), the effect of their presence on well-being is enormous. Enteral nutrition, whether oral or by tube, is fraught with problems that influence nutrient absorption, distribution, metabolism, and ultimately, excretion. Parenteral nutrition, although delivered to the intravascular milieu, carries with it no guarantee that the trace mineral will indeed reach the target site for action. With the questionable nature of dietary histories and their unavailability in the setting of relatively emergent nutrition therapy, it behooves the clinician to begin complete nutrition and to include recommended trace elements early on. The clinician must also be ever vigilant about delivering sufficient full-strength commercially available enteral formula to provide the recommended dietary allowances of trace minerals.
[12] Scand J Clin Lab Invest - 1976 Nov;36(7):679-682
The estimated daily loss of trace elements from normal skin by desquamation.
Molin L, Wester PO
The content of 21 elements (As, Au, Br, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, La, Mo, P,
Rb, Sb, Sc, Se, W and Zn) in normal epidermis has been determined with the aid of neutron activation analysis. The dermal loss of these elements via desquamation [flaking off] has been calculated in view of its possible importance in balance studies. For the bulk elements Ca, K and P, the calculated daily loss is considered to be negligible. For some of the trace elements, however, the loss may be appreciable. The daily loss of Fe by desquamation may be as much as one fourth of the daily urinary iron excretion; the corresponding fraction for Co, Cu, and Zn is one tenth.
[13] Biol Trace Elem Res - 1997 Dec;60(3):175-185
Trace elements in coronary heart disease: Impact of intensified lifestyle modification.
Krachler M, Lindschinger M, Eber B, Watzinger N, Wallner S
Institute for Analytical Chemistry, Karl-Franzens-University Graz, Austria.
Concentrations of 14 trace elements (Bi, Cd, Co, Cs, Cu, Hg, Mn, Pb, Rb, Sb, Sn, Sr, Tl, and Zn) were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) in 120
whole-blood and 121 plasma samples of 56 patients with angiographically documented coronary heart disease (CHD). One serum and two whole-blood reference materials were analyzed for quality control. At baseline, patients had elevated Co plasma as well as diminished Cu blood concentrations compared to healthy adults. The Zn concentrations in whole blood were below or at the lower end of the normal range, but the concentrations in plasma were elevated. All other trace elements were within the normal concentration ranges for healthy adults. After initial investigations, patients were randomly assigned to an experimental group (N = 27) and to a usual care group (N = 29). Experimental group patients were prescribed a lifestyle program that included a low-fat diet and a weekly moderate exercise. Patients were examined at baseline, after 6 and 12 mo for clinical assessment and fasting venous blood samples. No significant time-course changes in concentrations of trace elements in blood and plasma during the clinical treatment in both groups of patients could be observed. The experimental group patients lost weight and had lower blood pressure after 12 mo compared to baseline. The interventional therapy reduced the need for further revascularization procedures.
[14] Clin Chem - 1987 Nov;33(11):2057-2064
Trace-element concentrations in human autopsy tissue.
Aalbers TG, Houtman JP, Makkink B
Interuniversity Reactor Institute, Delft, The Netherlands.
In this report on trace-element concentrations (As, Ca, Cd, Cl, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sb, Se, Zn) in human heart, liver, kidney, aorta, and rib obtained from 200 autopsied patients, we give special attention to sampling procedure, analysis technique, and various sources of error (autolysis, contamination with blood, and lack of sample homogeneity). We present the concentration data (averages, standard deviations, and ranges) obtained by neutron activation analysis, and we analyze the distribution of the data. The three types of distribution we distinguished are relevant to considerations of the importance of processes of storage of certain elements in specific organs.
[15] Phys Med Biol - 1978 Jan;23(1):66-76
Determination of certain selected bulk and trace elements in the bovine liver matrix
using neutron activation analysis.
Iyengar GV, Kasperek K, Feinendegen LE
Effective utilisation of neutron activation analysis (NAA) for the elemental analysis of biomedical samples with or without a radiochemical separation, especially when optimal
Ge(Li) well type detectors are employed for the acquisition of complex spectra, is
demonstrated by determining normal values for 25 elements in bovine liver. Optimal
conditions for the determination of Ag, Br, Cl, Co, Cs, Fe, I, K, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Sb, Sc, Se and Zn with the aid of instrumental thermal neutron activation analysis (INAA) by
varying the irradiation and decay time are presented. Where INAA was inadequate, simple
post irradiation separation based on ion-exchange has been used to determine such elements as Au, Ca, Cd, Ce, Cr, Cu, La, Mo and W. Results from the IAEA intercomparison run for animal muscle (H-4) are also given. The influence of sample size with respect to within-tissue variation of the bulk and trace elements in liver and the contamination of liver samples from the interfering components such as residual blood are also discussed.
[16] J Nutr - 1996 Sep;126(9 Suppl):2452S-2459S
Deliberations and evaluations of the approaches, endpoints and paradigms for dietary
recommendations of the other trace elements.
Uthus EO, Seaborn CD
United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, ND 58202, USA.
Circumstantial evidence suggests that aluminum, arsenic, bromine, cadmium, germanium, lead, lithium, nickel, rubidium, silicon, tin and vanadium are essential. The evidence is most compelling for arsenic, nickel, silicon and vanadium. The estimated daily dietary intakes for these elements are arsenic, 12-50 micrograms; nickel, 100 micrograms; silicon, 20-50 mg and vanadium, 10-20 micrograms. By extrapolation from animal studies, the daily dietary intakes of these elements needed to prevent deficiency or to provide beneficial action in humans are arsenic, 12-25 micrograms; nickel, 100 micrograms; silicon, 2-5 mg (based on 10% bioavailability in natural diets) and vanadium, 10 micrograms. Thus, the postulated need by humans for these elements can be met by typical diets. Because there may be situations, however, where dietary intake does not meet the postulated requirements, research is needed to derive status indicators in humans and to further study the relationships of low intake or impaired bioavailability of these ultra-trace elements to various diseases.
[17] J Trace Elem Med Biol - 1997 Dec;11(4):232-238
Trace elements in pleural effusions.
Dome W, Krachler M, Schlagenhaufen C, Trinker M, Krejus GJ, Irogolic KJ
Department of Internal Medicine, Karl Franzens-University, Graz, Austria.
When the secretion of pleural fluids exceeds their resorption, liquid (pleural effusion) will accumulate between the visceral and parietal pleura. Pleural effusions derived from the liquid components of blood are expected to contain trace elements and may, as a sink for trace elements, deprive the body of needed essential elements upon their removal by
medical intervention. Consequently, patients may be at risk of drifting into trace-element deficiencies. Because the literature is almost devoid of data about trace elements in effusions, the concentrations of 14 trace elements (Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cs, Cu, Mg, Mn, Mo, Pb, Rb, Sn, Sr, Zn) were determined simultaneously by inductively-coupled argon-plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) in effusions from 17 patients. The median values for the concentrations of Rb (209 microgram/kg, range 104-334 microgram/kg) and Cs
(1.5 micrograms/kg, range 0.8-2.4 microgram/kg) in the effusions were almost the same as in the sera. The concentrations of Mg (range 15-22 mg/kg), Ca range 52-91 mg/kg), Sr
(range 12-37 micrograms/kg), and Ba (range 1.4-18.2 microgram/kg) were consistently lower in the effusions than in the sera by 18% for Mg, 26% Ca 14% for Sr, and 88% for Ba
(percentages based on median in serum as 100%). The concentrations of the essential
trace elements Co (range0.16-0.5 microgram/kg), Cu (130-902 microgram/kg), Mn
(0.2-2.2 microgram/kg), Mo (0.4-1.5microgram/kg), Sn (0.4-1.2microgram/kg), and Zn
(27-1931 micrograms/kg) in the effusions are generally lower (25-55% based on median)
than in the corresponding sera, although a few effusions have higher concentrations of
Co, Mn Mo, or Zn than in sera. The concentrations of Cd (range 0.2-0.5 microgram/kg) in
the effusions were approximately the same as in the sera for three patients, considerably lower than in the sera for four patients, and considerably higher for three patients.
The concentrations for lead (range 0.6-45 micrograms/kg) in the effusions were generally much higher than in the sera. The effusions were not significantly contaminated with
lead-rich erythrocytes. The concentrations of Ca, Cu, and Zn in the effusions correlated positively with the protein concentrations in the effusions. One kilogram of the effusions contain from 10-30% of the trace elements present in the entire volume of serum in circulation.
[18] Sci Total Environ - 1985 Apr;42(3):223-235
Kidney and liver levels of some major, minor and trace elements in two Ontario communities.
Subramanian KS, Meranger JC, Burnett RT
The contents of Ag, As, Ba, Be, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Se, Sr, Th, Ti and Zn in 143 autopsied liver and kidney specimens from two Ontario communities (Kingston and Ottawa) were determined using the techniques of inductively-coupled plasma--atomic emission spectrometry, and electrothermal atomization--atomic absorption spectrometry coupled with hydride evolution (As, Se), reduction--aeration (Hg), or solvent extraction (Pb). The majority of samples came from individuals older than 50 y. In general, the data for the various elements were independent of age or sex but showed some dependence on location for elements such as Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Se and Zn. Despite these differences the elemental values of the liver and kidney samples from both the communities were within the normal range.
[19] J Cardiovasc Risk - 1996 Feb;3(1):18-25
Trace elements and cardiovascular diseases.
Houtman JP Interuniversity Reactor Institute, Delff, The Netherlands.
The relation between trace elements and human health has been scarcely studied. With respect to cardiovascular diseases and hypertension attention has mostly focused on arsenic, cobalt, copper, chromium, fluorine, manganese, vanadium, zinc, selenium, silicon, cadmium, and lead. Environmental contamination can influence organ concentrations through long-term, low-level effects. This article reviews the present knowledge obtained by epidemiological, biochemical and cell biological studies. Attention is paid to interpretation problems due to the complexity of biochemical interactions with proteins of various sorts which determine metabolic processes and to the occurrence of detoxification mechanisms in which trace elements interact. This can also lead to strong variations in individual vulnerability. In general, the elements selenium, copper, zinc, chromium, and manganese seem to counteract the development of cardiovascular diseases, whereas cadmium and maybe lead seem to stimulate it. Effects of arsenic, silicon and fluorine are unclear and for cobalt absent. The intensity of these effects on public health is difficult to measure, but is as yet probably limited except in extra-ordinary situations.
[20] Appl Radiat Isot - 1998 Jul;49(7):773-776
Mineral content of medicinal plants used in the treatment of diseases resulting from
urinary tract disorders.
Rajurkar NS, Damame MM
Department of Chemistry, University of Pune, India.
Elemental composition of some Ayurvedic medicinal plants used for healing urinary tract
disorders has been studied by nondestructive neutron activation analysis with a 252Cf
source and atomic absorption spectroscopy. In total, 14 elements have been estimated in
different plants; among these Cu, Cr, Co and Cd are found to be present at the trace level; Mn, Pb, Zn, Ni, Na, Fe and Hg at minor level and K, Ca and Cl at major level. The differences in the concentration of the elements are attributed to soil composition and the climate in which the plant grows. The importance of some elements in diseases related to renal disorders is also briefly discussed.
Legend
Ac - Actinium; Ag - Silver; Al - Aluminium; Am - Americum; Ar - Argon; As - Arsenic;
At - Astatine; Au - Gold; B - Boron; Ba - Barium; Be - Beryllium; Bi - Bismuth;
Bk - Berkelium; Br - Bromine; Ca - Calcium; Cd - Cadmium; Ce - Cerium; Cf - Californium; Cl - Chlorine; Cm - Curium; Co - Cobalt; Cr - Chromium; Cs - Caesium; Cu - Copper;
Dy - Dysprosium; Er - Erbium; Eu - Europium; F - Fluorine; Fe - Iron; Fr - Francium;
Ga - Gallium; Gd - Gadolinium; Ge - Germanium; Hf - Hafnium; Hg - Mercury; Ho - Holmium; I - Iodine; In - Indium; Ir - Iridium; K - Potassium; Kr - Krypton; La - Lathanum;
Li - Lithium; Lu - Lutetium; Mg - Magnesium; Mn - Manganese; Mo - Molybdenum;
N - Nitrogen; Na - Sodium; Nb - Niobium; Nd - Neodymium; Ni - Nickle; Np - Neptunium;
Os - Osmium; P - Phosphorus; Pa - Protactinium; Pb - Lead; Pd - Palladium;
Pm - Promethium; Po - Polonium; Pr - Praseodymium; Pt - Platinium; Pu - Plutonium;
Ra - Radium; Rb - Rubidium; Re - Rhenium; Rh - Rhodium; Rn - Radon; Ru - Ruthenium;
S - Sulfur; Sb - Antimony; Sc - Scandium; Se - Selenium; Si - Silicon; Sm - Samarium; Sn - Tin; Sr - Strontium; Ta - Tantalum; Tb - Terbium; Te - Tellurium; Th - Thorium; Ti - Titanium; Tl - Thallium; Tm - Thulium; V - Vanadium; W - Tungsten; Y - Yttrium; Yb - Ytterbium; Zn - Zinc; Zr - Zirconium.
Abstracts
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